منابع مشابه
The Forebrain Thirst Circuit Drives Drinking through Negative Reinforcement.
The brain transforms the need for water into the desire to drink, but how this transformation is performed remains unknown. Here we describe the motivational mechanism by which the forebrain thirst circuit drives drinking. We show that thirst-promoting subfornical organ neurons are negatively reinforcing and that this negative-valence signal is transmitted along projections to the organum vascu...
متن کاملPspice Simulation of Power Electronics Circuit and Induction Motor Drives
Historically, simulation of transient phenomena related to power systems has been carried on using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) [1] or one of its variants, such as the alternative transient program (ATP) or electromagnetic transients for dc (EMTDC), which are all based on the trapezoidal integration rule and the nodal approach. These software packages use fixed-step algorithms,...
متن کاملDopamine drives Drosophila sechellia adaptation to its toxic host
Many insect species are host-obligate specialists. The evolutionary mechanism driving the adaptation of a species to a toxic host is, however, intriguing. We analyzed the tight association of Drosophila sechellia to its sole host, the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is toxic to other members of the melanogaster species group. Molecular polymorphisms in the dopamine regulatory protein Catsup ...
متن کاملPhasic Dopamine Release Drives Rapid Activation of Striatal D2-Receptors
Striatal dopamine transmission underlies numerous goal-directed behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are a major target of dopamine in the striatum. However, as dopamine does not directly evoke a synaptic event in MSNs, the time course of dopamine signaling in these cells remains unclear. To examine how dopamine release activates D2-receptors on MSNs, G protein activated inwardly rectifying p...
متن کاملA MicroRNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, 18- to 25-nucleotide, non-protein coding transcripts that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression during development. miRNAs also occur in postmitotic cells, such as neurons in the mammalian central nervous system, but their function is less well characterized. We investigated the role of miRNAs in mammalian midbrain dopaminergic neurons (...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
سال: 2009
ISSN: 1471-003X,1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn2764